Category: Antibacterial
INTRODUCTION:
Doxycycline is used to treat various infections caused by certain types of bacteria. A synthetic version of oxytetracycline, doxycycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic. Second-generation tetracycline. It is second generation tetracyclines are less toxic than first-generation tetracyclines. Doxycycline is used to treat a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative infections. It works by stopping the development and spread of bacteria to cure illnesses. In addition to treating malaria and acne, doxycycline is also used. Antibiotics such as doxycycline do not work against colds, flu, or other viral infections. Using antibiotics when you don't need them increases the risk of later infections that are resistant to antibiotic treatment.
Uses:
How To Consume:
Doxycycline is available as capsules, tablets, extended-release tablets, and oral suspensions (liquids). One or two doses of doxycycline each day are typical. With each pill, drink a glass of water. If you have stomach upset while taking doxycycline, you can take it with food or milk. To learn how to take doxycycline most effectively, consult your physician or chemist. The dosage form and amount of the drug may vary for each infection. Swallow the extended-release tablet whole. Do not crack, chew or crush. Shake the suspension well before use, to mix the drug evenly. Store this medicine at room temperature between 20°C and 25°C (69°F and 77°F). Keep this medicine away from light.
Duration Between Two Dose:
Doxycycline is taken once or twice daily as prescribed by your doctor. Doxycycline is usually started with an initial dose of 200 mg daily, followed by a maintenance dose of 100 mg daily (twice daily for severe infections). It can be administered orally or intravenously. Oral administration should be taken with a sufficient amount of liquid and the patient should be kept upright for 30 minutes after administration. Take 30 minutes before meals for low doses and with or without food for high doses.
Side Effects:
Some common side effects can be seen after taking Doxycycline.
Diarrhea
Difficulty In Swallowing
Drug rash
Esophageal ulcer
Esophagitis
Facial redness
Headache
Hives
Inflammation of the small intestine and colon (enterocolitis)
Genital or Anal Lession
Loss of appetite
Hypoglycemia (Low blood sugar)
Low amounts of platelets or white blood cells
Skin hyperpigmentation
Skin peeling (exfoliative dermatitis)
Swollen Tongue
Tooth discoloration
Upper abdominal pain
Drug Mechanism:
Pharmacokinetics:
After oral administration, doxycycline is almost completely absorbed in the stomach and proximal small intestine. Penetration occurs in body fluids and tissues. Because doxycycline is more lipid-soluble than tetracycline, high levels are found in many tissues, including lymph, ascites, colon tissue, prostate tissue, and breast milk.
In comparison, doxycycline enters bacterial cells more easily than other tetracyclines. Once stable calcium complexes are formed, they accumulate in teeth and bones, leading to tooth discoloration. A minor amount of the doxycycline is excreted into the bile and more than one-third is eliminated by the kidneys by glomerular filtration. The rest of the doxycycline is excreted in the feces.
Pharmacodynamics:
Doxycycline inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by reversibly binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and preventing the association of aminoacyl-tRNA with the bacterial ribosome. Further inhibition of protein synthesis occurs in mitochondria through binding to the 70S ribosomes. It is therefore a bacteriostatic drug. Doxycycline enters the cell via hydrophilic pores in the outer cell membrane and a pH-dependent active the transport system in the inner cytoplasmic membrane Doxycycline inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by reversibly binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and preventing the association of aminoacyl-tRNA with the bacterial ribosome. Further inhibition of protein synthesis occurs in mitochondria through binding to the 70S ribosomes. It is therefore a bacteriostatic drug. Doxycyclie enters the cell via hydrophilic pores in the outer cell membrane and a pH-dependent active the transport system in the inner cytoplasmic membrane.
Safety Measures:
When to See Doctor:
Drug Rash With Eosinophilia And Systemic Symptoms
Exacerbation Of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (Affects of All Body Parts)
Hemolytic Anemia
Hepatotoxicity (Drug Induced Liver Damage)
Low Platelet Count (Thrombocytopenia)
Low White Blood Cell Count (Neutropenia)
Intracranial Hypertension
Pericarditis (Swelling of Pericardium)
Serum Sickness (Hypersensitivity)
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (Skin Reaction)
If conditions from this occur you should see the doctor or it can be hazardous for your health if not cured as soon as possible.
Allergic Reaction:
This drug can cause severe allergic reactions. Symptoms include:
Anaphylaxis
Blood Dyscrasias (Imbalance Of Body Fluids)
Rhinitis
Skin Rash
Difficulty in breathing
Swelling of the throat or tongue
If you have these symptoms, get medical help right once. Do not take this medicine again if you ever had an allergic reaction to this medicine or any other tetracycline. Re-dosing can be fatal (resulting in death).
Available Dosage Form:
Form:
Tablet
Strengths: 20mg, 50mg, 75mg, 100mg, 150mg
Delayed Release Tablet
Strengths: 50mg, 60mg, 75mg, 100mg, 120mg, 150mg, 200mg
Capsule
Strengths: 50mg, 75mg, 100mg, 150mg
Delayed Release Capsule
Strengths: 40mg
Suspension
Strengths: 25mg/5ml
Syrup
Strengths: 50mg/5ml
Injections
Strengths: 100mg
Periodontal (Swelling of Tissues around Teeth) extended-release liquid
Strengths: 10%
Child Dosage
Ages 0– 7 years
This drug has not been established to be safe and effective in people under the age of 8.
Age 8-17 years- Weigh less than 45 kg
The suggested dosage for kids with severe or life-threatening diseases, such as Rocky Mountain spotted fever, is 2.2 mg/kg every 12 hours.
Under 45kg, Older than 8 years
For less severe infections, the recommended dose on the first day of treatment is 4.4 mg/kg he will take two doses. Thereafter, the daily maintenance dose is 2.2 mg/kg, administered in 1 or 2 divided doses.
Over 45kg:
Adult doses can be used.
For malaria prophylaxis, take 2 mg/kg once daily up to the adult dose. Start the treatment 1-2 days before traveling to malaria areas. 4 weeks after leaving the area, keep up the regular treatment.
Adult Dosage-
Age 18-64
200 mg as 100 mg every 12 hours on the first day of treatment. This is followed by 100 mg daily. 100 mg every 12 hours is advised for more severe infections.
For malaria prevention, take 100 mg daily. Start treatment 1-2 days before traveling to malaria areas. After you leave the area, keep up your regular therapy for another 4 weeks.
Old dose - Age 65+
Your doctor may start you on a lower dose or another schedule. This helps prevent excessive levels of this drug from building up in the body.
Important Note:
Follow your doctor's instructions for all treatments. Do not forget to take it during treatment.
Long-term use of this drug may lead to superinfection
Note that antacids containing magnesium, aluminum, or calcium, calcium supplements, iron products, and laxatives containing magnesium may interfere with doxycycline, making it less effective.
Doxycycline may reduce the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives (oral contraceptives, patches, rings, or injections). Before switching to a different birth control method, speak with your doctor.
Avoid unnecessary or prolonged sun exposure and wear protective clothing, sunglasses, and sunscreen. Your skin may become more sun-sensitive if you use doxycycline. In case of sunburn, consult a doctor immediately.
Use of doxycycline during pregnancy or in babies and children up to 8 years of age may cause permanent tooth discoloration and bone growth problems.
Warning for intracranial hypertension: This drug can cause increased intracranial pressure or increased intracranial pressure (headache, blurred vision, double vision, and decreased vision). Consult a physician right away if you have these symptoms.
Do not take drugs such as penicillin or isotretinoin while taking doxycycline. Your body may suffer harmful consequences from it.
Foods containing calcium, such as milk and cheese, may interfere with the body's absorption of this drug. This means that it may not do enough to treat your condition.
Various Brands:
References:
Indian Pharmacopeia
Book Of Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis Of Therapeutics (13th Edition)
Book Of Rang & Dale’s Pharmacology (9th Edition)
Book Of Essentials Of Medical Pharmacology – K D Tripathi (8th edition)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26617053_Safety_and_Efficacy_Review_of_Doxycycline
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